Day: May 20, 2026

BTK railway line resumes operations

On 26 May, the Tbilisi–Baku passenger train is expected to resume operations. The return of the daily service after a six-year suspension signals the effective return of the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway line to full operation.

The timetable has already been clarified. According to a preliminary agreement between Azerbaijan Railways and Georgian Railways, trains will depart from Baku every day at 23:10 and arrive in Tbilisi at 08:41 the following morning. Services from Tbilisi will leave at 21:00 and reach Baku at 06:24 the next day.

Azerbaijan is taking this step despite maintaining restrictions on land borders. Although the reopening of the Baku–Tbilisi train service now appears likely, the country continues to keep land borders with neighbouring states — including Russia and Iran — closed.

Azerbaijan closed its land borders in March 2020, citing the need to prevent the spread of Covid-19. Authorities repeatedly extended the measure, and the country’s land borders have now remained closed for more than six years.

Georgia’s Ministry of Economy said the first train would depart on 26 May. Meanwhile, Azerbaijan’s cabinet extended the country’s special quarantine regime until 1 July 2026.

In practice, three parallel stories intersect here.

• The first is the human dimension: the train restores opportunities for family travel, small business activity, tourism and movement beyond air transport.
• The second is economic. The Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway is no longer only a symbolic geopolitical route. It is becoming a fully functioning trade corridor operating alongside the Alat port, logistics zones and the Middle Corridor.
• The third concerns the regional balance. Baku, Tbilisi and Ankara are putting into operation a transport triangle they have spent years building — now covering both freight and passenger transport.

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A second life for the BTK railway

The political foundations of the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars (BTK) project were laid in 2007, and the railway officially opened on 30 October 2017. At the initial stage, the route was designed to carry 1 million passengers and 6.5 million tonnes of cargo a year. Long-term plans aimed to increase capacity to 3 million passengers and 17 million tonnes of freight. Turkey’s Foreign Ministry has also confirmed targets of 17 million tonnes of cargo and 3 million passengers by 2034.

However, a long gap emerged between political ambitions and the railway’s actual operation. Passenger services stopped in 2020 because of pandemic restrictions. Freight transport also faced major disruptions and, at times, stopped entirely — especially between May 2023 and May 2024 — during large-scale modernisation work on the Georgian section. The first freight train on the upgraded route departed from the Absheron Logistics Centre to Kars only on 20 May 2024.

The Georgian section remained the main bottleneck. According to official figures, Azerbaijan Railways completed the modernisation of a 184-kilometre stretch running through Georgia in 2024. The upgrade increased the line’s capacity from 1 million to 5 million tonnes of freight per year.

The modernisation covered 13 stations, 55 bridges, eight railway power substations and hundreds of infrastructure facilities. Materials prepared by Georgian Railways for the Tbilisi Silk Road Forum also noted that the BTK component created 2,324 jobs.

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Current situation and economic impact

The full reopening of the BTK railway comes within a broader framework: policymakers increasingly view the Middle Corridor as a route linking Chinese and European markets through Central Asia and the South Caucasus. According to World Bank estimates, the Middle Corridor could triple freight volumes and nearly halve delivery times by 2030.

During the first 11 months of 2024, freight volumes along the Middle Corridor rose by 63% and reached 4.1 million tonnes. This figure carries particular significance for the BTK railway. The line’s new annual capacity of 5 million tonnes effectively reflects already established and rapidly growing regional demand for cargo transport.

For Azerbaijan, the main benefits extend beyond transit fees. Key economic advantages involve port services, customs processing, logistics, warehousing infrastructure, container transport and export-oriented manufacturing. The current capacity of the Alat port stands at 15 million tonnes of cargo a year. Authorities plan to increase that figure to 25 million tonnes after expansion.

The Alat Free Economic Zone, located near the port, also aims to attract new manufacturing and logistics companies. For Azerbaijan, the BTK railway is therefore more than a rail project. It is an important part of infrastructure supporting the development of the non-oil economy. In their latest reports, the World Bank and the EBRD also identify transport connectivity, job creation and growth in the non-oil sector as key priorities.

The return of passenger services also carries economic significance. Georgian authorities believe the route will boost tourism and generate additional income for hotels, restaurants and small businesses along the railway. The train is particularly important for passengers seeking an alternative to expensive air travel. In that sense, the BTK railway could become not only a transport alternative but also a driver of economic activity in the service sector.

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Prospects and risks

According to a presentation by Georgian Railways, the modernisation could cut transport times by 5–6 hours by removing several technical constraints. Digital customs data exchange between Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan could save another 4–5 hours. Upgrades to locomotive fleets and new operating rules could reduce travel times by an additional 1–3 hours. Combined, the total effect could reach 12 hours. If these changes prove effective, the BTK railway could become a more competitive transit route with faster and more predictable freight delivery.

However, risks remain. Delays in port and border procedures, a shortage of vessels on the Caspian Sea, tariff competition from alternative routes and geopolitical instability could weaken the corridor’s competitiveness.

In addition, the stated target of 17 million tonnes by 2034 significantly exceeds the current capacity of 5 million tonnes. Reaching that figure will likely require additional railway tracks, a second line and expanded terminal infrastructure.

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BTK railway line resumes operations

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The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) found no violation of freedom of expression in the case of Georgian activist Irakli Miladze, who was fined in 2023 over a viral TikTok video in which he used obscene language toward public officials.

In a May 19 judgment, the ECtHR concluded that Georgia, as the respondent state, had provided “relevant and sufficient” reasons for interfering with the applicant’s freedom of expression and that the interference was therefore “necessary in a democratic society.” The court accordingly held unanimously that there had been no violation of Article 10 (freedom of expression) of the European Convention on Human Rights.

The Georgian Young Lawyers Association (GYLA), a local human rights group that represented Miladze’s interests, said the European court, with its decision, “clearly defines the guiding standard that in no way allows the Ministry of Internal Affairs to pursue a coordinated practice of persecuting free expression.”

ECtHR Judgement

In its judgment, the ECtHR had regard to, among other factors, “the particularly aggressive nature of the vulgar language used” by the applicant, “the extensive dissemination of the video in question on a social media platform aimed at young people,” “the thoroughness of the balancing exercise conducted by the domestic courts,” and “the limited severity of the sanction imposed.”

The ECtHR also observed that the applicant was fined GEL 500 (EUR 180), “the minimum amount” for the offense. “No criminal proceedings were instituted…he did not receive a custodial sentence…and the authorities did not seek the removal of the video, a restriction of his social media account or any form of broader censorship,” the court said, adding that the imposed sanction “did not prevent the applicant from continuing his political activism.” It said that “such a limited severity of the sanction is indeed an important factor in the proportionality assessment.”

The Case

Irakli Miladze was convicted in March 2023 by the Tbilisi City Court on two offenses under the Code of Administrative Offenses – Article 166 (disorderly conduct) and Article 173 (disobeying or insulting a law enforcement officer). He was fined GEL 2,000 (approximately EUR 720).

The conviction concerned his December 2022 TikTok video, which went viral, in which he used obscene language directed at Tbilisi Mayor Kakha Kaladze and, more broadly, at staff members of Tbilisi City Hall and Interior Ministry officials. In the video, he criticized urban transport policies and what he viewed as the arbitrary exemption of certain law enforcement officers from compliance with traffic regulations.

During the court proceedings, police argued that TikTok should be considered a public place and that the applicant’s obscene language removed his speech from protection under freedom of expression, making it punishable, while Miladze said his video included a disclaimer and that his criticism of public policy and law enforcement remained protected speech, regardless of the language used.

According to the ECtHR, the Tbilisi court “concluded that by using ‘obscene language directed at the mayor of Tbilisi, city hall staff and law-enforcement authorities,’ the applicant had exceeded ‘the scope of protection afforded to freedom of speech.’ It held that his conduct had therefore ‘disturbed public peace and order’ and constituted a punishable offence” under Article 166.

Miladze later appealed the ruling. In a final decision on May 11, 2023, the Tbilisi Court of Appeal partly upheld the appeal, reducing the fine from GEL 2,000 to GEL 500 and dismissing the charge under Article 173 as unsubstantiated.

GYLA Statement

Reacting to the ECtHR judgment, GYLA said that “unlike in 2023, the current situation is characterized by a severe human rights crisis, in which freedom of expression is a primary target of repression.”

The watchdog stressed that the legislative framework for freedom of expression “has significantly deteriorated” in 2025, saying, “At a certain point in 2025, proceedings for administrative offenses against individuals on the grounds of insult had become routine for the Interior Ministry.” It added, “Individuals were subjected not only to high fines but also to detention. For six administrative offenses, penalties were set at fines ranging from GEL 1,500 to GEL 4,000 or up to 45 days in detention, while repeat offenses carried fines from GEL 2,500 to GEL 6,000 or detention from five to 60 days.”

According to GYLA, the ECtHR judgment yet sets out that, in cases concerning freedom of expression, sanctions “must not be severe or disproportionate,” proceedings “must not carry a real risk of detention,” and authorities must not restrict expression “through dissemination measures,” among other factors.

The watchdog also stressed that the ECtHR judgment was delivered a day after Georgian Dream announced plans to establish a special unit within the Interior Ministry that would be tasked with “systematically monitoring” what was described as “hate speech, offensive campaigns, and aggressive communication in public spaces.”

“The creation of such a police mechanism poses a direct threat to freedom of expression and raises risks of political censorship and total control,” GYLA said.

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