Cotton Farming in Azerbaijan
Farmers engaged in cotton production in Azerbaijan say they are drowning in problems. They report that despite millions of dollars spent on cotton farming as part of the non-oil sector over the past seven years, revenues do not cover expenses.
According to the “State Program for the Development of Cotton Farming in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2017-2022,” approved in 2017, raw cotton production was supposed to reach 500,000 tons per year.
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However, statistical data tells a different story. In 2022, 322,000 tons of product were harvested from 104,000 hectares of land across the country, falling short by 178,000 tons. Despite a reduction in planted areas by 36,000 hectares in 2020 compared to 2017, production reportedly increased by 72 percent.
Farmers say they cannot achieve high yields year after year due to issues with soil fertility, climate, quality seeds, and pesticides. Shahmurad Imanov, who has been growing cotton for seven years, told Meydan TV that this year he is cultivating 10 hectares of rented land in the Saatli district.
According to him, due to high costs, farmers are forced to sign contracts with factories:
“Yields vary each year. At best, we collect 4-5 tons per hectare. Usually, it’s 3-3.5 tons. There are too many pests. Efforts using broad-spectrum pesticides are also ineffective. Half of our expenses go on low-quality pesticides. We are endlessly battling pests. We even rent land, which costs between 400-500 manats (about $235-295) per hectare.”
The farmer adds that he can hardly find land for rent, as companies have taken over fertile land:
“We pay 100 manats (about $59) annually for irrigation. Seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers are expensive. A bag of fertilizer costs 30 manats (about $17), and a kilogram of seeds is 5.50 manats (about $3.2). Machinery is completely unaffordable. From planting to harvest, farmers incur numerous expenses they cannot cover themselves. Under contracts with factories, we bear all the costs, and expenses are calculated and paid during harvest. I will spend 20,000 manats (about $11,700) on ten hectares. For every ton harvested, 120 kilograms are accounted for moisture. If in the end, we have 35-40 tons of crop, then half or more may go to repay the debt to the enterprise.”
“An Increase of 5 Manats in Subsidy Is Insignificant Against Rising Costs”
The farmer mentions that rising costs year after year put him in a difficult position as they exceed revenues. Although fuel prices have increased over the past two years, the amount of subsidies has not changed.
The government provides a subsidy of 19 giyapiks (about $0.11) per kilogram of cotton, which amounts to 190 manats (about $110) per ton. Currently, the price for one ton of first-grade cotton is 800 manats, second-grade is 780 manats, third-grade is 740 manats, and fourth-grade is 700 manats.
Next year, the Ministry of Agriculture plans to increase subsidies to 210 manats per ton for regions equipped with modern irrigation systems and 195 manats for others. However, this increase does not significantly affect the incomes of most farmers, as a large portion of fields lack modern irrigation systems.
“Fuel prices have skyrocketed. Harvesting costs 200 manats per hectare. This year they charged 70 manats for plowing a plot, whereas last year the same plot was plowed for 50 manats. Costs are rising, but subsidies and purchase prices for products are not,” says Shahmurad Imanov.
“Factories Are Overwhelmed Because They Cannot Sell Their Products”
According to farmers, some of them are forced to stop growing cotton due to rising costs. Gachay Aliyev, who has been planting cotton in the Shilyan village of the Kurdamir district for many years, is one of those who has ceased this work this year. He states that not only are costs high, but the purchase price of cotton on the world market is low, causing factories to be overwhelmed with cotton.
“The last time I harvested was last year. The income barely covered the cost of bread.”
“Equipment Exceeds Norms, Millions of Dollars Spent…”
This year, cotton was sown on 103,000 hectares across 24 regions of Azerbaijan.
Last year, 276,000 tons of cotton were harvested from 93,722 hectares of land, with similar productivity expected this year. Amid farmers’ problems, experts believe that the funds allocated from the state budget for cotton farming equipment exceed normal levels. Over the past two years, 300 million manats (about $180 million) have been allocated as preferential loans for cotton farming equipment.
Overall expenditures exceed one billion manats. According to two-year-old statistics, there are 512 cotton harvesters in the country, which is far above the norm.
350 cotton harvesters and 1,050 tractor trailers would suffice for 100,000 hectares of cotton in the country. Annual revenues from raw cotton, cotton fiber, and yarn do not exceed 200 million manats. Currently, the price of one kilogram of cotton on the world market is $1.63, which is half of what it was two years ago.
“Cotton Farming Is Unprofitable from a Macroeconomic Perspective”
Agricultural expert Akif Nasirli states that cotton farming is not an agricultural crop suitable for the country’s climate. He claims that the income from cotton cultivation, which is very labor-intensive and costly, is several times lower than the country’s import needs for agricultural products.
Nasirli also points out that livestock farming is being sacrificed for cotton farming: “Cotton farming is also unprofitable from a macroeconomic perspective. The strategy is incorrect. Pastures have been taken away from livestock farmers and sacrificed for cotton fields. This affects the entire country. Meat and dairy products are becoming more expensive. Production has decreased, and we have to rely on imports. Instead of growing cotton, attention should be focused on increasing the feed base, developing livestock farming, expanding pasture lands, and cultivating food wheat. Urgent measures are needed to reduce import dependency.”